Fluid Ferfereh

ABSTRACT

In this device, the nozzles that often used in order to make a linear motion, so they can be helpful in rotating the disc if they are placed at the external ring of disc. In addition, in this case, apart from generating electricity from the discharging fluid of the nozzle by ionization method, the kinetic energy of the discharging fluid can be used for rotating the disc as well.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Not Applicable STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not Applicable REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX Not Applicable BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1) U.S. Patent Classification

415/80, 310/11

2) The Reaction Principle

A fixed nozzle, a rocket, a whirling lawn sprinkler are devices that cause a fluid to exit at high speeds. The fluid, beginning with zero velocity inside, creates a force in the direction of motion F equal to

F={dot over (m)}V

And there is a corresponding and equal force tending to move the devices in the opposite direction. This force is called reaction. The devices mentioned above are, therefore, reaction machines that may have to hold stationary (the nozzle), move in a straight line (the rocket), or in a rotary fashion (the sprinkler). In all these, the pressure drop (caused by enthalpy drop) that causes the high velocities occur inside the devices.

3) Impulse Turbines

Impulse turbines or turbine stages are simple, single-rotor or multi rotor (compounded) turbines to which impulse blades are attached. Impulse blades can be recognized by their shape. They are usually symmetrical and have entrance and exit angles, F and γ respectively, around 20°. Because they are usually used in the entrance high-pressure stages of a turbine, when the specific volume of fluid is low and requires much smaller flow areas than at lower pressures, the impulse blades are short and have constant cross sections.

In the impulse turbine, no pressure drop (except that caused by friction) occurs in the moving blades. Impulse turbines are also characterized by the fact that most or all of the enthalpy, and hence the pressure, drop occurs in the nozzles tor fixed blades that act as nozzles) and little or none in the moving blades. What pressure drop occurs in the moving blade is a result of friction.

4) Reaction Turbines

Reaction turbines, originally invented by C. A. Parsons, are illustrated by FIG. 1 with three stages, each composed of a row of fixed blades and a row of moving blades. The stationary blades are designed in such a fashion that the passages between them form the flow areas of nozzles. They are therefore nozzles with full steam admission around the rotor periphery.

The moving blades of a reaction turbine are easily distinguishable from those of an impulse turbine in that they are not symmetrical and, because they act partly as nozzles, have a shape similar to that of the fixed blades, although curved in the opposite direction. The schematic pressure line (FIG. 1) shows that pressure continually drops through all rows of blades, fixed and moving, though the pressure change is greater the pressure. The absolute fluid velocity changes within each stage as shown and repeats from stage to stage.

A reaction turbine, therefore, is one that is constructed of rows of fixed and rows of moving blades. The fixed blades act as nozzles. The moving blades move as a result of the impulse of fluid received (caused by change in momentum) and also as a result of expansion and acceleration of the fluid relative to them. In other words, they also act as nozzles. The enthalpy drop per stage of one row fixed and one row moving blades is divided among them, often equally. Thus a blade with a 50 percent degree of reaction, or a 50 percent reaction stage, is one in which half the enthalpy drop of the stage occurs in the fixed blades and half in the moving blades. The pressure drops will not be equal, however. They are greater for the fixed blades and greater for the high-pressure than the low-pressure stages, as explained for the pressure compounded impulse turbine.

The Components shown in FIG. 1 are:

1) Moving blades

2) Fixed blades

5) Converging Diverging (CD) Nozzle

The usual configuration for a converging diverging (CD) nozzle is shown in the FIG. 2. Gas flows through the nozzle from a region of high pressure (usually referred to as the chamber) to one of low pressure (referred to as the ambient or tank). The chamber is usually big enough so that any flow velocities here are negligible. The pressure here is denoted by the symbol p_(c). Gas flows from the chamber into the converging portion of the nozzle, past the throat, through the diverging portion and then exhausts into the ambient as a jet. The pressure of the ambient is referred to as the ‘back pressure’ and given the symbol p_(b).

To get a basic feel for the behavior of the nozzle imagine performing the simple experiment shown in FIG. 2. Here we use a converging diverging nozzle to connect two air cylinders. Cylinder A contains air at high pressure, and takes the place of the chamber. The CD nozzle exhausts this air into cylinder B, which takes the place of the tank.

Imagine you are controlling the pressure in cylinder B, and measuring the resulting mass flow rate through the nozzle. You may expect that the lower you make the pressure in B the more mass flow you'll get through the nozzle. This is true, but only up to a point. If you lower the back pressure enough you come to a place where the flow rate suddenly stops increasing all together and it doesn't matter how much lower you make the back pressure (even if you make it a vacuum) you can't get any more mass flow out of the nozzle, We say that the nozzle has become ‘choked’. You could delay this behavior by making the nozzle throat bigger (e.g. grey line) but eventually the same thing would happen, The nozzle will become choked even if you eliminated the throat altogether and just had a converging nozzle,

The reason for this behavior has to do with the way the flows behave at Mach 1, i.e. when the flow speed reaches the speed of sound. In a steady internal flow (like a nozzle) the Mach number can only reach 1 at a minimum in the cross-sectional area. When the nozzle isn't choked, the flow through it is entirely subsonic and, if you lower the back pressure a little, the flow goes faster and the flow rate increases. As you lower the back pressure further the flow speed at the throat eventually reaches the speed of sound (Mach 1). Any further lowering of the back pressure can't accelerate the flow through the nozzle anymore, because that would entail moving the point where M=1 away from the throat where the area is a minimum, and so the flow gets stuck. The flow pattern downstream of the nozzle (in the diverging section and jet) can still change if you lower the back pressure further, but the mass flow rate is now fixed because the flow in the throat (and for that matter in the entire converging section) is now fixed too.

The changes in the flow pattern after the nozzle has become choked are not very important in our thought experiment because they don't change the mass flow rate. They are, however, very important however if you were using this nozzle to accelerate the flow out of a jet engine or rocket and create propulsion, or if you just want to understand how high-speed flows work.

FIG. 2a shows the flow through the nozzle when it is completely subsonic (i.e. the nozzle isn't choked). The flow accelerates out of the chamber through the converging section, reaching its maximum (subsonic) speed at the throat. The flow then decelerates through the diverging section and exhausts into the ambient as a subsonic jet. Lowering the back pressure in this state increases the flow speed everywhere in the nozzle.

Lower it far enough and we eventually get to the situation shown in FIG. 2 b. The flow pattern is exactly the same as in subsonic flow, except that the flow speed at the throat has just reached Mach 1. Flow through the nozzle is now choked since further reductions in the back pressure can't move the point of M=1 away from the throat. However, the flow pattern in the diverging section does change as you lower the back pressure further.

As p_(b) is lowered below that needed to just choke the flow a region of supersonic flow forms just downstream of the throat. Unlike a subsonic flow, the supersonic flow accelerates as the area gets bigger. This region of supersonic acceleration is terminated by a normal shock wave. The shock wave produces a near-instantaneous deceleration of the flow to subsonic speed. This subsonic flow then decelerates through the reminder of the diverging section and exhausts as a subsonic jet, in this regime if you lower or raise the back pressure you increase or decrease the length of supersonic flow in the diverging section before the shock wave.

If you lower p_(b) enough you can extend the supersonic region all the way down the nozzle until the shock is sitting at the nozzle exit (FIG. 2d ). Because you have a very long region of acceleration (the entire nozzle length) in this case the flow speed just before the shock will be very large. However, after the shock the flow in the jet will still be subsonic.

Lowering the back pressure further causes the shock to bend out into the jet (FIG. 2e ), and a complex pattern of shocks and reflections is set up in the jet which will now involve a mixture of subsonic and supersonic flow, or (if the back pressure is low enough) just supersonic flow. Because the shock is no longer perpendicular to the flow near the nozzle walls, it deflects it inward as it leaves the exit producing an initially contracting jet. We refer to this as over expanded flow because in this case the pressure at the nozzle exit is lower than that in the ambient (the back pressure)—i.e. the flow has been expanded by the nozzle too much.

A further lowering of the back pressure changes and weakens the wave pattern in the jet. Eventually we will have lowered the back pressure enough so that it is now equal to the pressure at the nozzle exit. in this case, the waves in the jet disappear altogether (FIG. 2f ), and the jet will be uniformly supersonic. This situation, since it is often desirable, is referred to as the ‘design condition’.

Finally, if we lower the back pressure even further we will create a new imbalance between the exit and back pressures (exit pressure greater than back pressure), FIG. 2 g. In this situation (called ‘under expanded’) what we call expansion waves (that produce gradual turning and acceleration in the jet) form at the nozzle exit, initially turning the flow at the jet edges outward in a plume and setting up a different type of complex wave pattern.

The Pressure Distribution in the Nozzle

A plot of the pressure distribution along the nozzle (FIG. 2) provides a good way of summarizing its behavior. To understand how the pressure behaves you have to remember only a few basic rules

When the flow accelerates (sub or supersonically) the pressure drops

The pressure rises instantaneously across a shock

The pressure throughout the jet is always the same as the ambient (i.e. the back pressure) unless the jet is supersonic and there are shocks or expansion waves in the jet to produce pressure differences.

The pressure falls across an expansion wave.

The labels on FIG. 2 indicate the back pressure and pressure distribution for each of the flow regimes illustrated in FIG. 2. Notice how, once the flow is choked, the pressure distribution in the converging section doesn't change with the back pressure at all. The Components shown in FIG. 2 are:

1) Throat 2) Exit 6) Centrifugal Compressors

Centrifugal compressors, sometimes termed radial compressors, are a subclass of dynamic axisymmetric work-absorbing turbomachinery.

The idealized compressive dynamic turbo-machine achieves a pressure rise by adding kinetic energy/velocity to a continuous flow of fluid through the rotor or impeller. This kinetic energy is then converted to an increase in potential energy/static pressure by slowing the flow through a diffuser. The pressure rise in impeller is in most cases almost equal to the rise in the diffuser section.

Theory of Operation

Imagine a simple ease where flow passes through a straight pipe to enter a centrifugal compressor. The simple flow is straight, uniform and has no vorticity. As illustrated below α1=0 deg. As the flow continues to pass into and through the centrifugal impeller, the impeller forces the flow to spin faster and faster. According to a form of Euler's fluid dynamics equation, known as “pump and turbine equation,” the energy input to the fluid is proportional to the flow's local spinning velocity multiplied by the local impeller tangential velocity.

In many cases the flow leaving centrifugal impeller is near the speed of sound (340 meters/second). The flow then typically flows through a stationary compressor causing it to decelerate. These stationary compressors are actually static guide vanes where energy transformation takes place. As described in Bernoulli's principle, this reduction in velocity causes the pressure to raise leading to a compressed fluid.

Components of a Simple Centrifugal Compressor

A simple centrifugal compressor has four components: inlet, impeller/rotor, diffuser, and collector.

Inlet

The inlet to a centrifugal compressor is typically a simple pipe. It may include features such as a valve, stationary vanes/airfoils (used to help swirl the flow) and both pressure and temperature instrumentation. All of these additional devices have important uses in the control of the centrifugal compressor.

Centrifugal Impeller

The key component that makes a compressor centrifugal is the centrifugal impeller. It is the impeller's rotating set of vanes (or blades) that gradually raises the energy of the working gas. This is identical to an axial compressor with the exception that the gases can reach higher velocities and energy levels through the impeller's increasing radius. In many modern high-efficiency centrifugal compressors the gas exiting the impeller is traveling near the speed of sound.

Impellers are designed in many configurations including “open” (visible blades), “covered or shrouded”, “with splitters” (every other inducer removed) and “w/o splitters” (all full blades). Most modern high efficiency impellers use “back sweep” in the blade shape.

Filler's pump and turbine equation plays an important role in understanding impeller performance.

Diffuser

The next key component to the simple centrifugal compressor is the diffuser, Downstream of the impeller in the flow path, it is the diffuser's responsibility to convert the kinetic energy (high velocity) of the gas into pressure by gradually slowing (diffusing) the gas velocity. Diffusers can be vane less, vanned or an alternating combination. High efficiency vanned diffusers are also designed over a wide range of solidifies from less than 1 to over 4. Hybrid versions of vanned diffusers include: wedge, channel, and pipe diffusers. There are turbocharger applications that benefit by incorporating no diffuser.

Bernoulli's fluid dynamic principle plays an important role in understanding diffuser performance.

7) Electric Thrusters

Electric thrusters are known in the art. Unlike chemical propulsion, where the specific impulse is limited by the energy available when molecules combine, in electric propulsion energy is added from an external source. In principle, therefore, the specific impulse can be as large as desired. In practice, of course, the specific impulse is limited by the particular implementation used. Since thrust will decrease as the specific impulse increases for a given power, a tradeoff must be made for a particular mission between propellant usage and mission time. High specific impulse leads to low propellant usage.

The tradeoff between electric propulsion and chemical propulsion is high thrust, low specific impulse for chemical and low thrust, high specific impulse for electric. Electric thrusters cannot be used for launch because the thrust is too low. Electric thrusters can only be used in the vacuum of outer space.

There are three main types of electric thrusters:

-   -   Electrothermal     -   Electromagnetic     -   And Electrostatic.

Electrothermal thrusters are similar to standard chemical rocket engines. Electrical energy is added to the working gas, but the gas is expanded through a converging-diverging nozzle to achieve high exhaust speeds just as in chemical rockets. Some examples are the resistojet, the arc jet, and microwave heated thrusters. In the resistojet, gases already hot from burning are further heated electrically. The arc jet uses an electrical arc to create very high temperatures. More recently, microwaves have been proposed to do the heating of the gas in thrusters which are otherwise like arcjets. As a class, electrothermal thrusters are probably the most mature electric propulsion technology, although the individual thruster with the most operational experience is the Teflon ablative type. Resistojets have been used for many years, and arcjets have also been used over the past few years in operational, commercial communications satellites. Compared to other electric thrusters, electrothermal devices have higher thrusts, but lower specific impulse, in the range of 500-1000 seconds. They share with chemical rockets an optimization when the molecular weight of the exhaust gas is low, unlike other electric thrusters.

There are a variety of electromagnetic thruster configurations, but all depend on. generating a thrust by accelerating particles in a direction perpendicular to both the current in the plasma and the magnetic field. The pulsed plasma micro thruster (PPJ) utilizes a spark discharge across a block of Teflon to create plasma which is accelerated outward by induced azimuthal current interacting with a radial magnetic field. In a Hall thruster an axial electric field provided in a radial magnetic field creates an azimuthal Hall current which accelerates plasma axially producing thrust. In the self-field magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster, the current flow creates its own magnetic field in which the j×B force accelerates the plasma flow radially and axially. This can only occur if the current and hence the power are high, necessitating pulsed operation at lower average powers.

Interestingly, the self-field MPD thruster is similar to the electrothermal arcjet. The MPD regime is reached when the mass flow is reduced.

In general, electromagnetic thrusters have much higher specific impulse than electrothermal thrusters do. They are more compact than electrostatic ion thrusters are because a charge neutral plasma does not have a space charge limitation on density. Problems include electrode erosion and general complexity of flow and current fields which make them somewhat difficult to predict. The PPf thruster is mature and simple, but harder to scale up to large powers.

Electrostatic ion thrusters use a set of grids to accelerate charged ions. Electrons are also expelled separately to maintain charge neutrality and prevent a charge buildup which could shut off the ion beam. Heavy gases are used; mercury was used in the initial versions and xenon is used today. This reduces ionization losses as a fraction of total energy. Ionization losses are approximately the same for most gases, whereas for a given exhaust velocity the energy added per ion is greater for heavier gases.

In electrostatic thrusters the beam consists of ions only and repulsion between particles limits the maximum density to relatively low levels. The electrostatic thruster offers significantly lower thrust than conventional RF plasma thrusters.

The prior use of RF plasma thrusters has suffered from poor efficiency due primarily to power loss through a bot electron population created by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) beating of the plasma. The use of ECR has several disadvantages. The major disadvantage is the creation of a bot electron population that robs the thruster of power, leading to low efficiency. Other disadvantages include the ECR beating requires higher frequencies RF given set of plasma parameters than other RF beating schemes. Higher frequency RF sources are generally more expensive and less efficient. Additionally, the frequency and magnetic field must be precisely matched. Plasma densities are usually limited to less than the cutoff density for a given, frequency.

ECR generated plasma contains populations of electrons with different temperatures. A hot population forms because of “runaway’. Electron drag and collision cross section decrease as electron energy increases. Once an electron reaches a critical energy, it “runs away” because the drag can no longer balance the RF energy absorbed. An electron in resonance with the RF field essentially sees a continuous DC field, as the field rotates at the same rate as the electron as it spirals around the magnetic field line. The electron energy increases until some other process limits the energy. The ultimate limit for magnetic mirror machines occurs when the electron energy is high enough that the adiabatic invariant is no longer conserved and electrons are no longer trapped in the mirror. Hot electrons are generally produced by using twice the fundamental frequency, which is more effective at heating hotter particles.

In most of these devices there are particular reasons for producing the hot electron population. Hot electrons take almost all their energy with them when they are hot because their energies are an much greater than the plasma potential

They also tend to absorb more RF power than colder electrons, For a thruster, all the power entering the warm or hot electrons is simply wasted. All ECR plasmas on which there were diagnostics capable of observing bot electrons have shown split electron populations. Power balance calculations show that about 1% of the RF power was going into the cold plasma in the ECR plasma and somewhere between 50% and 100% of the RF went into the cold plasma in the lower hybrid generated plasma. It would be desirable to have a RF plasma thruster which has high efficiency, utilizes lower frequency RF sources than ECR beating, and does not suffer from hot electron runaway.

RF plasma thrusters are also simpler than electromagnetic thrusters, which generally have currents perpendicular to the magnetic field, which crossed with the magnetic field produces the thrust. The currents produce their own magnetic field, which in the worst case can go unstable. In any case, the current produces its own magnetic field which interacts with the imposed magnetic field. This makes scaling of devices to different sizes difficult. By contrast, in the RF plasma thruster each flux tube is like any other. The rapid axial transport of particles compared to radial movements means there is little interaction between flux tubes, so scaling up (or down) in size is very predictable.

It would be desirable to have a RF plasma thruster that does not suffer from poor efficiency while providing a high specific impulse, high power density and is adaptable to many different applications.

8) Magnetohydrodynamic Generator

The MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) generator transforms thermal energy and kinetic energy directly into electricity. MHD generators are different from traditional electric generators in that they operate at high temperatures without moving parts. MHD was developed because the hot exhaust gas of an MHD generator can heat the boilers of a steam power plant, increasing overall efficiency. MHD was developed as a topping cycle to increase the efficiency of electric generation, especially when burning coal or natural gas. MHD dynamos are the complement of MHD propulsions, which have been applied to pump liquid metals and in several experimental ship engines. Components shown in FIG. 3 are:

1) Segmented electrodes

2) Solenoids

3) Acceleration nozzle

4) Entry 5) Output

An MHD generator, like a conventional generator, relies on moving a conductor through a magnetic field to generate electric current. The MHD generator uses hot conductive plasma as the moving conductor. The mechanical dynamo, in contrast, uses the motion of mechanical devices to accomplish this. MHD generators are technically practical for fossil fuels, but have been overtaken by other, less expensive technologies, such as combined cycles in which a gas turbine's or molten carbonate fuel cell's exhaust heats steam to power a steam turbine.

Natural MHD dynamos are an active area of research in plasma physics and are of great interest to the geophysics and astrophysics communities, since the magnetic fields of the earth and sun are produced by these natural dynamos.

Principle

The Lorentz Force Law describes the effects of a charged particle moving in a constant magnetic field. The simplest form of this law is given by the vector equation.

F=Q(v×B)

Where

F is the force acting on the particle.

Q is the charge of the particle,

v is the velocity of the particle, and

B is the magnetic field.

The vector F is perpendicular to both v and B according to the right hand rule.

The Plasma

The prime system requirement is creating and managing the conducting gas plasma since the system depends on the plasma having a high electrical conductivity. Suitable working fluids are gases derived from combustion, noble gases, and alkali metal vapors.

The Gas Plasma

To achieve high conductivity, the gas must be ionized, detaching the electrons from the atoms or molecules leaving positively charged ions of the gas. The plasma flows through the magnetic field at high speed, in some designs, more than the speed of sound, the flow of the charged particles providing the necessary moving electrical conductor.

Methods of Ionizing the Gas

Various methods for ionizing the gas are available, all of which depend on imparting sufficient energy to the gas. It may be accomplished by heating or irradiating the gas with X rays or Gamma rays. It has also been proposed to use the coolant gases such as helium and carbon dioxide employed in some nuclear reactors as the plasma fuel for direct MHD electricity generation rather than extracting the heat energy of the as through heat exchangers to raise steam to drive turbine generators. Seed materials such as Potassium carbonate or Cesium are often added in small amounts, typically about 1% of the total mass flow to increase the ionization and improve the conductivity, particularly of combustion gas plasmas.

Containment

Since the plasma temperature is typically over 1000° C., the duct containing the plasma must be constructed from non-conducting materials capable of withstanding these high temperatures. The electrodes must of course be conducting as well as heat resistant.

Power Generation

Typically, for a large scale power station to approach the operational efficiency of computer models, steps must be taken to increase the electrical conductivity of the conductive substance. The heating of a gas to its plasma state or the addition of other easily ignitable substances like the salts of alkali metals can accomplish this increase. In practice, a number of issues must be considered in the implementation of an MHD generator: generator efficiency, economics, and toxic byproducts. These issues are affected by the choice of one of the three MHD generator designs: the Faraday generator, the Hall generator, and the disk generator.

8-1) Faraday Generator

The Faraday generator is named after the man who first looked for the effect in the Thames River. A simple Faraday generator would consist of a wedge-shaped pipe or tube of some non-conductive material. When an electrically conductive fluid flows through the tube, in the presence of a significant perpendicular magnetic field, a charge is induced in the field, which can be drawn off as electrical power by placing the electrodes on the sides at 90 degree angles to the magnetic field.

There are limitations on the density and type of field used. The amount of power that can be extracted is proportional to the cross sectional area of the tube and the speed of the conductive flow. The conductive substance is also cooled and slowed by this process. MHD generators typically reduce the temperature of the conductive substance from plasma temperatures to just over 1000° C. The main practical problem of a Faraday generator is that differential voltages and currents in the fluid short through the electrodes on the sides of the duct. The most powerful waste is from the Hall effect current. This makes the Faraday duct very inefficient. Most further refinements of MHD generators have tried to solve this problem. The optimal magnetic field on duet-shaped MHD generators is a sort of saddle shape. To get this field, a large generator requires an extremely powerful magnet. Many research groups have tried to adapt superconducting magnets to this purpose, with varying success.

8-2) Hail Generator

The most common solution is to use the Hall effect to create a current that flows with the fluid. The normal scheme is to place arrays of short, vertical electrodes on the sides of the duct. The first and last electrodes in the duct power the load. Each other electrode is shorted to an electrode on the opposite side of the duct. These shorts of the Faraday current induce a powerful magnetic field within the fluid, but in a chord of a circle at right angles to the Faraday current. This secondary, induced field makes current flow in a rainbow shape between the first and last electrodes.

Losses are less than a Faraday generator, and voltages are higher because there is less shorting of the final induced current. However, this design has problems because the speed of the material flow requires the middle electrodes to be offset to “catch” the Faraday currents. As the load varies, the fluid flow speed varies, misaligning the Faraday current with its intended electrodes, and making the generator's efficiency very sensitive to its load.

Components shown in FIG. 4 are:

1) Electrodes

2) Faraday current 3) Hall Effect current 4) Resultant MHD current 5) External current links

8-3) Disk Generator

The third and, currently, the most efficient design is the Hall effect disk generator. This design currently holds the efficiency and energy density records for MHD generation. A disk generator has fluid flowing between the center of a disk, and a duct wrapped around the edge. The magnetic excitation field is made by a pair of circular Helmholtz coils above and below the disk. The Faraday currents flow in a perfect dead short around the periphery of the disk. The Hall effect currents flow between ring electrodes near the center and ring electrodes near the periphery.

Another significant advantage of this design is that the magnet is more efficient. First, it has simple parallel field lines. Second, because the fluid is processed in a disk, the magnet can be closer to the fluid, and magnetic field strengths increase as the 7th power of distance. Finally, the generator is compact for its power, so the magnet is also smaller. The resulting magnet uses a much smaller percentage of the generated power. Components shown in FIG. 5 are:

1) Entry

2) Outlet

3) Hall current

4) Faraday current

5) Electrode to Hall current

6) Magnetic field

9) Review to Previous Invention

In Ferfereh and other similar invention (ROTARY HEAT ENGINE, U.S. Pat. No. 6,668,539) nozzles used to rotate the disk. But in Ferfereh used impeller and some guide vans or some radial blades to use centrifugal force that inter to fluid by rotary disk and also used Electric thrusters to accelerate plasma in ducts or generate electricity by MHD system in nozzles.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In this device, the high pressure fluid enters into rotary impeller of the Ferfereh parallel to the axis, so in the impeller the direction of the fluid changes from axial flow to radial flow; also the fluid is accelerated along the radius in the impeller because of a centrifugal force. The proper design of the flow duct in impeller is effective in converting this acceleration to increase of pressure. Then, the high pressure fluid with high velocity gets out of the convergent-divergent nozzles which are located in the external ring of the impeller and nearly perpendicular to its radius. The torque of the reaction force caused by the exit of the fluid around the axis can be used for rotating external axial compressor and the impeller of the Ferfereh and rotary equipment such as generator, pump and etc.

If a fluid which is conductive of the electric current will be used, with the MHD system can generate electricity in impeller and nozzles or just in the nozzles of the Ferfereh or give acceleration to the fluid in flow duct of impeller.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1: Three stages of reaction turbine with overall fluid pressures and absolute velocities.

FIG. 2: Pressure distribution along the nozzle in different back pressure.

FIG. 3: MHD generator Faraday linear nozzle with segmented electrodes.

FIG. 4: MHD current flow with segmented electrodes.

FIG. 5: Diagram of a disk MHD generator showing current flows.

FIG. 6: General arrangement of a Ferfereh

FIG. 7: Schematic figure of acceleration the conductive fluid in a Ferfereh

FIG. 8: General arrangement of a Ferfereh with fixed-impeller

FIG. 9: General arrangement of a Ferfereh with fixed-impeller and turbine stage

FIG. 10: Schematic figure of Ferfereh with combustion chamber

FIG. 11: Comparison of Non-axial Ferferehs and axial Ferferehs

FIG. 12: Components of velocity vector in the Non-axial Ferferehs

FIG. 13: Components of velocity vector in the axial Ferferehs

FIG. 14: Figure of Ferfereh with radial compressor blade and combustion chamber

FIG. 15: Figure of Ferfereh with a single stage impulse turbine in outlet of Ferfereh

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The general components of an ordinary Ferfereh are shown in FIG. 6. Ferfereh is formed by a closed impeller (disc) in which a fluid with high pressure P_(in) enters the impeller parallel to the shaft, changes the direction perpendicular to the impeller's radius through the inner curve of the impeller and guide vanes, and then exits at high velocity through a converging-diverging nozzles mounted in the outer ring of the impeller. Therefore, the pressure (P_(out)) at the nozzle outlet plane is much less than the inlet fluid pressure (P_(in)) (the amount P_(in) and P_(out) must be considered in the design so that the fluid in the nozzle can be expanded isentropically). In the nozzle, the decrease of fluid pressure rapidly increases its velocity at the nozzle outlet.

When the fluid velocity at the nozzle outlet reaches V_(s), (the relative velocity of a fluid against the nozzle outlet plane), it creates the reaction force F in the direction opposite to the fluid motion, whose value is equal to:

F={dot over (m)}V _(s)

By taking the cross product of the force and the distance R, (the distance from the center of the nozzle outlet to the axis of rotation), torque generated around the axis is obtained, which in turn causes the impeller to rotate about the axis (FIG. 12).

T=R×F=F R sin θ

In the Ferfereh, the machine's impeller is rotated, with an angular velocity ω about the axis of rotation, by the torque generated by the outflow of fluid, as a result of which the fluid is accelerated by a centrifugal force that is caused by rotation along the radius of the impeller. Fluid duct should be designed such that the increased velocity is converted into pressure increase.

The resulting moment is used partly to rotate the impeller of Ferfereh, partly to rotate external axial compressor for producing an inlet high pressure fluid, and the rest (net torque of the Ferfereh) to rotate equipment such as generators, pumps, etc.

A) Components of a Ferfereh

As shown in FIG. 6, the main components of a Ferfereh are:

-   -   1. Impeller (disc)     -   2. Converging-diverging nozzles     -   3. Guide vanes     -   4. Impeller casing (optional)     -   5. Stationary vanes     -   6. Hollow bar shaft     -   7. Body     -   8. MHD system (optional, not shown in FIG. 6) and     -   9. Heat source (not shown in FIG. 6).

B) Description of the Components of a Ferfereh: B-1) Impeller (Disc of Ferfereh):

The main function of the impeller is to change the direction of inlet fluid flow from the axial to the radial direction. The vanes located on the impeller can be mounted on the impeller or etched in the manufacturing process of the impeller. The impeller can be stationary or rotating, depending on the classification that will be presented later.

The impeller should be designed so that:

Minimum energy loss due to fluid friction occurs.

It should have a low rotational inertia and sufficient strength to tolerate the high pressure difference and the stresses caused by high rotating speed.

In the Ferferehs that operate with a high temperature fluid, one can use hollow impellers, wherein the flow of cooling fluid enters through the Hollow bar shaft and then enters the space between the impeller casing and body through hollow guide vanes, and finally exits through the outlet channel embedded in the body for the cooling fluid enters the hollow bar shaft by flowing through the space between body and casing and then through the guide vanes, and is injected into the high temperature fluid so as to protect the vanes by generating a layer of cool air. The high-temperature resistant ceramics can also be used to produce or protect the impeller.

The outer ring of the impeller should be aerodynamically shaped so that there is the least resistance three due to friction at the nozzle outlet (non-axial type).

B-2) Converging-Diverging Nozzles:

In nozzles, the fluid pressure from inlet pressure p_(in) is isentropically lowered to the outlet pressure P_(out), so that it causes an increase in the fluid velocity at the nozzle outlet plane. This increase results in a driving force in the opposite direction of the fluid motion, which in turn will cause the impeller to rotate around the axis.

The nozzles should be designed so that:

At the working pressure range of Ferfereh, the nozzle fluid is isentropically expanded; on which no normal and oblique shock wave occur.

As the efficiency of the Ferfereh is completely independent of nozzle efficiency, the nozzle should be designed so that it has the highest efficiency in the working pressure range of Ferfereh.

It has a minimum length.

High-velocity passage of fluid causes corrosion and erosion, which change the radius of the throat, which will reduce the efficiency of the nozzle and Ferfereh. So nozzles should be designed so that they are replaceable. To select materials consisting of a nozzle, in addition to the wear and corrosion resistance, a special attention should be paid to factors such as the fluid temperature, stresses caused by rotation, and pressure difference.

Distance between two adjacent nozzles be enough that outlet fluid does not clash with next nozzle

B-3) Guide Vanes:

The function of guide vanes is to guide the flow of fluid from the impeller inlet to the inlets of converging-diverging nozzles. They are responsible for the function of avoiding relative eddy currents between impeller vanes. In the Ferferehs that operate with high-temperature fluid, hollow guide vanes can be used to pass a cooling fluid. Furthermore, the vanes should be designed so that, in addition to an energy loss due to fluid friction, the cross section of the fluid duct is such that fluid velocity would be the same in the whole path, and that an increase in fluid velocity due to centrifugal force is converted into increase of pressure.

In the Ferferehs that MHD systems are designed to accelerate conductive fluid, the electrically insulated guide vanes are used, on both sides of which electrically conductive metal plates (electrodes) are inserted and each electrode is separately connected to the positive or negative pole.

B-4) Impeller Easing (Optional):

Impeller casing is placed over and connected to the guide vane, and rotates along with the impeller. Its function is to prevent from the leakage of fluid through the space between the guide vanes and body. In addition, the leakage of fluid can be reduced by using a proper seal between the impeller casing and body, due to the large pressure difference between the impeller inlet and outlet. In Ferferehs with high temperature fluid, extreme temperature rise of impeller casing can be prevented by the flow of a cooling fluid between the impeller casing and body. In the Ferferehs that an MHD system is used to produce electricity, the impeller casing should be electrically insulated, on which Hall current electrodes should be mounted in the direction in contact with the fluid.

B-5) Stationary Vanes:

Before the fluid enters the impeller, a set of stationary vanes connected to the body is arranged to correct the direction of the fluid in order to enter the impeller. The vanes will increase the efficiency of the Ferfereh.

9-6) Hollow Bar Shaft:

In cases where the MHD system is designed to accelerate an electrically conductive fluid in the impeller, a hollow bar shaft can be used to connect the electrodes placed on the guide vanes to the current source by special cables. For the Ferferehs wherein a heat source (combustion chamber) rotates together with the impeller, the hollow bar shaft is used to transfer fuel to the combustion chamber or electrical current (FIGS. 7 and 10).

B-7) Body:

It is responsible for separating fluid from the air. Furthermore, some bearing are placed on the body.

B-8) MHD System (Optional):

If the fluid in Ferfereh is electrically conductive, the MHD system can be used to produce electricity or to accelerate a hot fluid in the path. The items listed above are described separately below:

B-8-1) Generation of Electricity:

Using a rectangular nozzle, electric current can be generated at the nozzle outlet. This method can be used for the Ferferehs wherein the heat source is placed before the nozzle inlets. In addition in disk, electricity can be generated using electrically conductive fluid by connecting the ring electrodes of various radial to the inner side of the casing and creating a suitable magnetic field in the axial direction. Of course for low speed of fluid in disk, this method is not useful (for more information refer to MHD disk generator).

B-8-2) Acceleration of Conductive Fluid (FIG. 7):

In the Ferferehs that conductive fluid passes through an impeller, conductive fluid can be accelerated in a duct from inlet to outlet of an impeller using the electrically insulated guide vanes and plates (as electrodes) that are placed on both outer sides of guide vanes and by connecting the electrodes to positive and negative poles of a DC power source. The electrodes can be connected to positive and negative poles of a DC power source using the hollow bar shaft and special cables (FIG. 7). If a magnetic field is applied in the axial direction, and electric field perpendicular to two electrodes connected to the guide vanes, then the fluid is accelerated along the fluid duct, according to the right-hand rule. The Components shown in FIG. 7 are:

1. Impeller

2. Converging-diverging nozzle 3. Insulation guide vane 4. Impeller casing 6. Hollow bar shaft

7. Body

8. Holes in a hollow bar shaft for the passage of conductors 9. Electrodes mounted on electrically insulated guide vanes 11. High-temperature resistant and electrically insulating coatings (ceramic fiber) 12. Supports to hold the conductors in the center of the hollow bar shaft. 13. Wires with high-temperature resistant and electrically insulating coatings 14. Path of conductive fluid 15. Electrical conductors wires and rings 16. Symmetry axis (axis of rotation) B Magnetic field

B-8-3) Combinations of the Above Methods:

In the Ferferehs that the fluid from the impeller inlet to nozzle outlets is electrically conductive; with MHD method can generate electricity, at the nozzles, which can use this electricity to accelerate electrically conductive fluid in the impeller duct of the Ferfereh. Guide vanes and fluid duct cross-section in the impeller should be so designed that the increased velocity is converted into increase of pressure. Magnetic nozzles have also been proposed for some types of propulsion, in which the flow of plasma is directed by magnetic fields instead of walls made of solid matter.

It should be noted that the fluid passes through a converging-diverging nozzle in regular MHD generators, in which only electrical energy caused by the ionization of electrically conductive fluid is used and the kinetic energy of high velocity fluid exhaust from the nozzle is ignored (in MHD power plant); while a Ferfereh is allowed to use the kinetic energy of the high velocity exhaust of fluid, as well as the electrical energy caused by the ionization of electrically conductive fluid in motion. In addition, direct current (DC) is the electricity produced (if B be constant) and consumed by the MHD method, and peripheral devices are needed to convert it into alternating current.

B-9) Heat Source:

There are different types of heat source that can use for heating to fluid in Ferfereh such as:

-   -   Heat source with fuel injection     -   Heat source with radio frequency (RF)     -   Heat source with nuclear energy and etc.         In ordinary ferfereh heat source located before ferfereh         entrance.

Generally for ordinary types of Ferfereh can use substance in the liquid phase, gas phase, multiphase or plasma phase. If fluid is gaseous phase or two-phase liquid-gas, converging-diverging nozzles will be used. Also for steam or two-phase liquid-gas, if required, can use heat source with radio frequency (RF). If use liquid in Ferfereh, convergent nozzles will be used and the heat source will be eliminated.

C) Classification of Ferferehs:

Ferferehs can be categorized according to their impeller types or the direction of fluid discharging. We try to explain each in the following:

C-1) Classification of Ferferehs According to Their Impeller Types:

In the Ferfereh mentioned above ordinary one), the fluid is compressed in the impeller and then will be expanded in the nozzle and after the compression of the discharging hot fluid from heat source (combustion chamber), we don't give it energy (without any fuel injection); with notice to:

high speed of the impeller

the friction of fluid with impeller and the guiding vanes

the mechanical frictions

And the like, without an application of MHD system, will reduce the efficiency of the Ferfereh. Therefore, in order to reduce the energy dissipation due to all kinds of irreversibility, two schemes will be offered:

The impeller and the guide vanes should be fixed, using a ring which is linked to the hollow bar shaft and holding the nozzle on it.

The heat source should be placed after the impeller exit and before the nozzle entries (the heat source (combustion chamber) rotates with the impeller).

In the following, we'll be provided with an explanation of the operating process, advantages and disadvantages of these two:

C-1-1) Ferfereh with Fixed-Impeller (Claim 15):

In this case, the fluid is compressed in a compressor and as a result its temperature and pressure will be increased. In the next step, the fluid enters the heat source (combustion chamber) and after receiving energy in a nearly constant pressure which leads to its temperature rise, pours into a Ferfereh with a fixed impeller. As shown in FIG. 8, the impeller redirects the flow of fluid from the axial to radial one. The main parts are shown in FIG. 8; the fixed parts are shown in bright colors and the rotary ones in dark colors. Here is the list of the parts:

1. Fixed impeller 2. Symmetrical or rectangular convergent-divergent nozzles which are linked to the ring 3. Guiding vanes 6. Hollow bar shaft 7. The body of the Ferfereh 17. The ring which is linked to the shaft

The heat source (combustion chamber) can be placed in the fixed impeller exit which is linked to it, les better to place the heat source (combustion chamber) in the entry of the impeller while using MHD system, but in the cases when it is not used, heat source prefer. to be located in the exit of fixed-impeller.

In this kind of Ferfereh, because of the existence of a fixed impeller, there will be no increase in the temperature and pressure caused by the rotation of the impeller and only the fluid's direction will be changed. Then, the fluid enters into the rotating part of the impeller on which the convergent-divergent nozzles exist and gets out of them with high velocity.

Advantages:

There will be no hot fluid compression in the impeller.

Its theoretical efficiency is much more than the ordinary Ferfereh.

MHD system can be used for the acceleration of the conductive fluid in the impeller or for the power generation in nozzles and impellers.

Disadvantages:

There is a possibility of the occurrence of normal or oblique shock wave in the border between the rotating and fixed parts.

It's necessary to seal the boundary of rotating and fixed parts,

It's necessary to protect the fixed vanes and the impeller in a high temperature.

Generally for these types of Ferfereh can use substance in the liquid phase, gas phase, multiphase or plasma phase. If fluid is gaseous phase or two-phase liquid-gas, converging-diverging nozzles will be used. Also for steam or two-phase liquid-gas, if required, can use heat source with radio frequency (RF). If use liquid in Ferfereh, convergent nozzles will be used and the heat source will be eliminated.

C-1-2) Ferfereh with Fixed-Impeller and Turbine Stage (Claim 16):

In this case, the fluid is compressed in a compressor and as a result its temperature and pressure will be increased. In the next step, the fluid enters the heat source (combustion chamber) and after receiving energy in a nearly constant pressure which leads to its temperature rise, pours into a Ferfereh with a fixed impeller. As shown in FIG. 9, the impeller redirects the flow of fluid from the axial to radial one, The main parts are shown in FIG. 9; the fixed parts are shown in bright colors and the rotary ones in dark colors. Here is the list of the parts:

1) Fixed impeller 2) Symmetrical or rectangular convergent-divergent nozzles which re linked to the ring 3) Guiding vanes 6) Hollow bar shaft 7) The body of the Ferfereh 15) Radial turbine blades 17) The ring which is linked to the shaft

The heat source (combustion chamber) can be placed in the fixed impeller existence which is linked to it. It's better to place the heat source (combustion chamber) in the entry of the impeller while using MHD system, but in the cases when it is not used, heat source prefer be located in the exit of fixed-impeller.

In this kind of Ferfereh, because of the existence of a fixed impeller, there will be no increase in the temperature and pressure caused by the rotation of the impeller and only the fluid's direction will be changed. Then, the fluid enters into the rotating part of the impeller on which the convergent-divergent nozzles exist and gets out of them with high velocity. Not only the blades of the turbine convert the kinetic energy of the fluid to the mechanical energy, they also act as channels to set the entry direction of the fluid toward the nozzles.

Advantages:

There will be no hot fluid compression in the impeller,

Its theoretical efficiency is much more than the ordinary Ferfereh.

MHD system can be used for the acceleration of the conductive fluid in the impeller or for the power generation in nozzles and impellers.

Disadvantages:

There is a possibility of the occurrence of normal or oblique shock waves in the border between the rotating and fixed parts.

It's necessary to seal the boundary of rotating and fixed parts.

It's necessary to protect the fixed vanes and the impeller in a high temperature.

Generally for these types of Ferfereh can use substance in the liquid phase, gas phase, multiphase or plasma phase. Also for steam or two-phase liquid-gas, if required, can use heat source with radio frequency (RF). If use liquid in Ferfereh, convergent nozzles will be used and the heat source will be eliminated.

C-1-3) Ferfereh with Radial Compressor and Heat Source (Claim 17):

In this case, the compressed air enters directly into the impeller which is rotating in a high speed or after some temperature decrease by a heat exchanger; this causes the cold fluid to be more compressed in impeller. Then, the high pressure fluid enters the heat source (combustion chamber) which is located on the impeller and before the nozzles and its temperature increases by receiving energy from fuel combustion (or other sources) in a nearly constant pressure. In the next stage, the discharging fluid enters into the convergent-divergent nozzles, so the increase of the fluid's pressure by the axial compressors and the impeller, in the nozzles changes to velocity. The reaction force caused by the fluid discharging from the nozzles creates a torque around the axis. The schematic figure of this kind of Ferfereh with MHD generator in nozzles is shown in the FIG. 10. Its main parts are:

1) Impeller

2) Convergent-divergent nozzles 3) Guiding vane 4) impeller Casing 6) Hollow bar shaft

7) Body

16) Symmetry axis (axis of rotation) 21) Fluid flow 22) Fuel injection nozzle 23) Heat source (combustion chamber) 24) Conductive ring linked to the body 25) Slip joint between conductive ring and electrodes 26) Electrodes related to hall flow 27A) Main fuel pipe which is rotated with the axis 27B) Branch from the main fuel pipe 27C) Flexible pipe 28) Main pipe holding supports in the center of the hollow bar shaft 29) Mechanical seal for connecting the rotating fuel pipe to the fixed one 30) Electrical circuit

B. Magnetic Field Advantages:

Since the ignition happens before the entrance of fuel into the nozzle, we don't have any energy dissipation caused by the compression of hot fluid which was common in ordinary Ferferehs.

Since the fluid is compressed in the Ferfereh's impeller in addition to the compressor, so it's of a higher pressure and theoretical efficiency in comparison to other types.

Since after the stage of heating (combustion) the fluid only passes through the convergent-divergent nozzle, we don't have any temperature limit caused by the fluid passing through the impeller and guiding vanes, so the only thing we should do is to protect the nozzles from the high temperature and this can be done by using ceramic materials or protective air layers (the compressed air before the combustion chamber).

Disadvantages:

It's only applicable for air flow and not for steam flow

It's necessary to have a high knowledge about combustion and nozzles (as in a rocket, the act of combustion and expansion of the fluid should be done within a short interval).

The problem of vibration caused by ignition in the combustion chamber and balancing the Ferferehs

The extremely high sound

The problem of admitting fuel or electrical current into the heat source (combustion chamber) through an hollow bar shaft and security issues

Generally for these types of Ferfereh can use substance in the gas phase, multiphase or plasma phase.

C-1-4) Ferfereh with Radial Compressor Blade and Heat Source (Claim 18):

In this case, the compressed air enters directly (or after some temperature decrease by a heat exchanger) into the impeller disk which compressor blades are embedded on the impeller disk (parallel to axis) and is rotating in a high speed; this causes the cold fluid to be more compressed in impeller disk. Then, the high pressure fluid enters the heat source (combustion chamber) which is located on the impeller disk and before the nozzles and temperature of fluid increases by receiving energy from fuel combustion (or other sources) in a nearly constant pressure. In the next stage, the discharging fluid enters into the convergent-divergent nozzles, so the increase of the fluid's pressure by the axial compressors and the impeller, in the nozzles changes to velocity. The reaction force caused by the fluid discharging from the nozzles creates a torque around the axis. The figure of this kind of Ferfereh is shown in the FIG. 14. Its main parts are:

1) impeller disk (rotary) 2) Convergent-divergent nozzles (rotary) 3) Guiding vane (rotary) 6) Hollow bar shaft (rotary) 7) Body (fix) 23) Heat source (combustion chamber) (rotary) 40) Stationary blades connected to body (stator) 41) Rotary blades connected to impeller disk (rotary)

Advantages:

Since the ignition happens before the entrance of fuel into the nozzle, we don't have any energy dissipation caused by the compression of hot fluid which was common in ordinary Ferferehs.

Since the fluid is compressed in the Ferfereh's impeller in addition to the compressor, so it's of a higher pressure and theoretical efficiency in comparison to other types.

Since after the stage of heating (combustion) the fluid only passes through the convergent-divergent nozzle, we don't have any temperature limit caused by the fluid passing through the impeller and guiding vanes, so the only thing we should do is to protect the nozzles from the high temperature and this can be done by using ceramic materials or protective air layers (the compressed air before the combustion chamber).

Disadvantages:

It's only applicable for air flow and not for steam flow

It's necessary to have a high knowledge about combustion and nozzles (as in a rocket, the act of combustion and expansion of the fluid should be done within a short interval).

The problem of vibration caused by an ignition in the combustion chamber and balancing the Ferferehs

The extremely high sound

The problem of admitting fuel or electrical current into the heat source (combustion chamber) through an hollow bar shaft and security issues

Generally for these types of Ferfereh can use substance in the gas phase, multiphase or plasma phase.

C-2) Classification of Ferfereh Based on the Direction of Discharging Fluid:

All the Ferferehs mentioned above are divided into two types of axial flow and non-axial flow according to the direction of discharging fluid (FIG. 11). In an axial Ferfereh the flow velocity vector in nozzle existence has a component in line with the axis direction and, while in a non-axial Ferfereh the flow velocity vector does not have any components in axis direction.

C-2-1) Non-Axial Ferfereh:

According to the FIG. 11-A, in these types of Ferferehs the direction of the flow velocity vector at the nozzle exit is perpendicular to the axis of rotation (α=90°) and it does not have any components along the axis. In this case, the purpose is to rotate rotary appliances such as a generator, pump, compressor, etc. The parts which are shown in the FIG. 11-A are:

31) The Ferfereh's axis of rotation 32) Convergent-divergent nozzle 33) The flow velocity vector at the nozzle exit α=the angle of the flow velocity vector at the nozzle exit with the axis of rotation.

The angle of the flow velocity vector at the nozzle exit with radius (angle θ) is characterized in design. The Ferferehs with the angle α=θ=90° (FIG. 12) have the highest theoretical efficiency. The parts that are shown in the FIG. 12 (section a-a in FIG. 11) are:

1) Impeller

2) Convergent-divergent nozzles 34) V_(s)=the relative velocity of the fluid in the outer plane of the nozzle(related to the outer plane of the nozzle) 35) {acute over (V)}_(s)=The absolute velocity of the fluid in the outer plane of the nozzle 36) V_(n)=the velocity of the center of nozzle's outer plane 37) Fluid duct R=Space between the outlet plane center of the nozzle and the axis of rotation θ=Angle of the flow velocity vector at the nozzle exit with radius

C-2-2) Axial Ferfereh:

According to the FIG. 11-B, in this type of Ferfereh the trajectory of the flow velocity vector at the nozzle exit makes the angle (α) with the axis of rotation which is less than 90°. Given the fact that in Ferferehs the whole drop of enthalpy occurs in the nozzles and in plane engines we need the driving force in line with the axis. With use of this type of Ferfereh in which the flow velocity vector has components in the direction of the axis (FIG. 13) can be used in providing the necessary torque for rotating the compressor, also the reaction force component caused by the high velocity exit of the fluid in line with the axis leads to the propulsion of the plane. The parts which are shown in FIG. 13 are:

1) Impeller

6) Hollow bar shaft 34) V_(s)=Relative velocity of the fluid at the nozzle exit 38) Relative coordinate system which is linked to the impeller C-3) Ferfereh with a Single Stage Impulse Turbine (Claim 5, 6):

If absolute velocity of fluid at outlet of Ferfereh is sufficiently high, to use the kinetic energy of the outlet fluid can use a single stage impulse turbine. {acute over (V)}_(s) The absolute velocity of the fluid in the outer plane of the nozzle and θ Angle of the flow velocity vector at the nozzle exit with radius, have been characterized in design. The parts which are shown in FIG. 15 are:

43) Impulse turbine shaft that can rotate separately from shaft of Ferfereh 44) A ring which is linked to the shaft 43 45) Impulse turbine blades connected to ring 44 4) Impeller casing (optional) 6) Hollow bar shaft

7) Body D) Usage of Ferfereh

Ferferehs can be used like a turbine in steam cycle or gas cycle separately; or in combined cycle that can use from heat of external fluid from gas Ferfereh to produce steam for steam cycle. Into Ferferehs which combustion take place in the nozzles entrance (claim 17, 18), for cooling internal gas to Ferfereh (from axial compressor) can preheat the feed water to the boiler. 

1) A device, comprising an open or closed impeller, which is connected to the shaft and some convergent or converging-diverging nozzles (symmetric or rectangular nozzles), are embedded in the outlet area of the impeller (outer circle area). The nozzle outlet is placed at the approximate outer circle of the impeller or is placed at the plane perpendicular to the axis of the impeller, and some ducts extends from the fluid inlet of the impeller to the nozzles inlet which velocity of fluid increase in the duct of impeller of compressor. If the fluid which is conductive of the electric current passes through the impeller and nozzle or just the nozzle, MHD (Magneto Hydrodynamic) system is used to generate electric current from the motion of the conductive fluid in the path or to accelerate the conductive fluid in the path. 2) A device, comprising a fixed impeller and fixed guide vans (or fixed guide vans) and a rotary ring which is linked to the shaft; some convergent or converging-diverging nozzles are embedded in the outlet area of the ring (symmetrical or rectangular nozzles), the nozzles outlet are located at the approximate outer circle of the ring or on the plane which are perpendicular to the ring's axis and there are some ducts which start from the fluid entry in the ring and end in the nozzles entry. If the fluid which is conductive of the electric current passes through the impeller and nozzle or just the nozzle, MHD (Magneto Hydrodynamic) system is used to generate electric current from the motion of the conductive fluid in the path or to accelerate the conductive fluid in the path. 3) According to claim , Fluid is substance in the liquid phase, gaseous phase, multiphase or plasma phase. 4) According to claim 2, Fluid is substance in the liquid phase, gaseous phase, multiphase or plasma phase. 5) According to claim 1, a Ferfereh comprising a single stage impulse turbine (axial or radial), which is placed at the outlet of nozzles and. is connected to a shaft that can rotate separately from the shaft of Ferfereh. (Multi shaft) 6) According to claim 2, a Ferfereh comprising single stage impulse turbine (axial or radial), which is placed at the outlet of nozzles and is connected to a shaft that can rotate separately from the shaft of Ferfereh. (Multi shaft) 7) According to claim 2, a Ferfereh comprising single or multi stage turbine (impulse or reaction) which turbine blades is placed before inlet of nozzles. 8) According to claim 1, the velocity vector of exhaust fluid from nozzles is in the plane that axis is its normal vector or the velocity vector has a component in axis direction and make angle α with this plane. 9) According to claim 2, the velocity vector of exhaust fluid from nozzles is in the plane that axis is its normal vector or the velocity vector has a component in axis direction and make angle a with this plane. 10) According to claim 1, heat sources are embedded in the flow path; which are placed at input of the impeller (fixed to body) or are placed at output of the impeller and before input of the nozzles (rotate with impeller) or are placed at along of duct. 11) According to claim 2, heat sources are embedded in the flow path; which are placed at input of the impeller or are placed at output of the impeller and before input of the nozzles or are placed at along of duct. 12) According to claim 1, For cooling the impeller, guide vanes, impeller casing and nozzles, a cold fluid is flowed, as a thin layer, over the surfaces that are in contact with hot fluid; or the fluid is used to cool the surfaces of the impeller, impeller casing and nozzles that are not in contact with hot fluid and to cool the guide vanes by flowing through the hollow guide vanes in order to cool the components of the Ferfereh. 13) According to claim 2, For cooling the impeller, guide vanes, impeller casing and nozzles, a cold fluid is flowed, as a thin layer, over the surfaces that are in contact with hot fluid; or the fluid is used to cool the suffices of the impeller, impeller casing and nozzles that are not in contact with hot fluid and to cool the guide vanes by flowing through the hollow guide vanes in order to cool the components of the Ferfereh. 14) According to claim 1, a device comprising these main parts: An open or closed impeller linked to the shaft Convergent-divergent nozzles (symmetrical or rectangular) connected to the impeller Guide vanes linked to the impeller Shaft (hollow bar shaft) Body of Ferfereh Stationary guide vanes Impeller casing (in closed impeller) Heat source Peripheral devices such as bearing, lubrication system, cooling system, etc. Here, the fluid or high pressure fluid enters into the impeller; parallel to the axis and after a redirection exits the nozzle with high velocity. The nozzle exit is in an approximate external circle of the disk or on the planes which are perpendicular to the axis. If a fluid which is conductive of the electric current will be used with the MHD (Magneto Hydrodynamic) system, it can generate power in impeller and nozzles or just in the nozzles of the Ferfereh or give acceleration to the movement of the fluid in the direction of the impeller. Generally for these types of Ferfereh can use substance in the liquid phase, gas phase, multiphase or plasma phase. For steam or two-phase liquid-gas can use heat source with radio frequency (RF). If liquid used as medium in Ferfereh, can use convergent nozzles and eliminate the heat source. 15) According to claim 2, a device comprising these main parts: A ring connected to the shaft Symmetrical or rectangular convergent-divergent nozzles which are linked to the ring A fixed impeller with some guide vanes connected to impeller Guide vanes connected to the ring Shaft (hollow bar shaft) Body of Ferfereh Heat source Peripheral devices such as bearing, lubrication system, cooling system, etc. Here, the fluid or high pressure fluid enters into the impeller parallel to the axis and after a redirection enters into a rotary ring and then exits the nozzle with high velocity. The Heat source (combustion chamber) is located at the impeller entry or before the fixed impeller exit. The nozzle exit is in an approximate external circle of the ring or on the planes which are perpendicular to the axis. If a fluid which is conductive of the electric current will be used, with the MHD system can generate electricity in impeller and nozzles or just in the nozzles of the Ferfereh or give acceleration to fluid in impeller. Generally for these types of Ferfereh can use substance in the liquid phase, gas phase, multiphase or plasma phase. For steam or two-phase liquid-gas can use heat source with radio frequency (RF). If liquid used as medium in Ferfereh, can use convergent nozzles and eliminate the heat source. 16) According to claim 2, a device comprising these main parts: A ring connected to the shaft Symmetrical or rectangular convergent-divergent nozzles which are linked to the ring One or more stage of radial turbine which are located before the nozzles A fixed impeller with some guide vanes connected to impeller Guide vanes connected to the ring Shaft (hollow bar shaft) Body of Ferfereh Heat source Peripheral devices such as bearing, lubrication system, cooling system, etc. Here, the fluid or high pressure fluid enters into the impeller parallel to the axis and after a redirection in impeller enters into a rotary blade and after a redirection in blade, exits the nozzle with high velocity. The nozzle exit is in an approximate external circle of the ring or on the planes which are perpendicular to the axis. The Heat source (combustion chamber) is located at the impeller entry or before the fixed impeller exit. If a fluid which is conductive of the electric current will be used with the MHD system, it can generate electricity in impeller and nozzles or just in the nozzles of the Ferfereh or give acceleration to fluid in impeller. Generally for these types of Ferfereh can use substance in the liquid phase, gas phase, multiphase or plasma phase. For steam or two-phase liquid-gas can use heat source with radio frequency (RF). If liquid used as medium in Ferfereh, can use convergent nozzles and eliminate the heat source. 17) According to claim 1, a device comprising these main parts: An open or closed impeller linked to the shaft Heat source linked to impeller, before the nozzle entries (the heat source rotates with the impeller) Convergent-divergent nozzles (symmetrical or rectangular) connected to the impeller Guide vanes linked to the impeller Shaft (hollow bar shaft) Body of Ferfereh Stationary guide vanes Impeller casing (in closed impeller); Peripheral devices such as bearing, lubrication system, cooling system, etc. Here, a flow of the fluid or high pressure fluid enters into the impeller; parallel to the axis and after a redirection and a pressure rise, enters to heat source (combustion chamber) and after receiving energy, exits the nozzle with high velocity. The nozzle exit is in an approximate external circle of the disk or on the planes which are perpendicular to the axis. If a fluid which is conductive of the electric current will be used with the MHD (Magneto Hydrodynamic) system, it can generate electricity in the nozzles of the Ferfereh. Generally for these types of Ferfereh can use substance in the gas phase, multiphase. 18) According to claim 1, a device comprising these main parts: An open impeller disk linked to the shaft Heat source linked to impeller, before the nozzle entries (the eat source rotates with the impeller) Convergent-divergent nozzles (symmetrical or rectangular) connected to the impeller Guide vanes linked to the impeller Compressor blades connected to impeller disk (rotary) Stationary blades connected to body (stator) Shaft (hollow bar shaft) Body of Ferfereh Peripheral devices such as bearing, lubrication system, cooling system, etc. Here, a flow of the fluid or high pressure fluid enters into the impeller; parallel to the axis and after a redirection and a pressure rise, enters to heat source (combustion chamber) and after receiving energy, exits the nozzle with high velocity. The nozzle exit is in an approximate external circle of the disk or on the planes which are perpendicular to the axis. If a fluid which is conductive of the electric current will be used, with the MHD (Magneto Hydrodynamic) system, it can generate electricity in the nozzles of the Ferfereh. Generally for these types of Ferfereh can use substance in the gas phase, multiphase. 19) According to claim 2, a device comprising these main parts: Axial compressor Heat source A ring connected to the shaft Symmetrical or rectangular convergent-divergent nozzles which are linked to the ring Fixed guide vanes Shaft (hollow bar shaft) Body of Ferfereh Peripheral devices such as bearing, lubrication system, cooling system, etc. Here, the fluid after compression in the compressor enters into the heat source then inters to the nozzles and exits the nozzles with high velocity. The nozzle exit is in an approximate external circle of the ring or on the planes which are perpendicular to the axis. If a fluid which is conductive of the electric current will be used with the MHD system, it can generate electricity in nozzles. 